Engaging with our own grief and comprehending loss is a profoundly intimate experience. This often all-consuming process can lead to feelings of alienation, compounded by the emotional labour of continually narrating our personal journeys to provide reassurance to others. Yet, when we subject these deeply personal and distressing experiences to the scrutiny of research, a disconcerting paradox emerges. In a period characterised by an escalating prevalence of mental health crises and persistent struggles, individual encounters with grief, loss, or despair risk being condensed into abstract data points within vast research databases.
The concept of ‘humanising data’ holds particular relevance in a health-based research landscape, where the cold objectivity of quantifiable information can overshadow the subjective human experiences it represents (Gillard et al., 2013; Jones et al., 2020; Byrne & Wykes, 2020). Thus, it’s vital in mental health research to remember that behind every row of data lies a human story. A comprehensive understanding of these narratives necessitates an inclusive approach towards studying intricate human experiences such as grief and mental health, which combines personal narratives with quantitative data.
Employing machine learning to examine mental health, mortality, and social support networks offers an innovative and transformative approach to understanding the complex dynamics that encompass the experience of grief, while still gaining the quantifiable objectivity of more traditional research techniques. Diverse models with the capacity to analyse extensive datasets can empower researchers to extract valuable insights, detect trends, and establish correlations from the full human experience that can inform interventions and support strategies.
To start, the accessibility of narrative data poses a significant challenge in the domain of clinical research. This issue becomes particularly pronounced when ethical considerations restrict the sharing of documents that include sensitive personal information, such as electronic health records (EHRs) (Chapman et al., 2011, Ive et al., 2020). As well, encouraging the discussion of deeply personal topics in such public forums can be daunting due to societal stigmas surrounding mental health. This creates a tangible barrier, prompting many individuals to hesitate in openly sharing their experiences and emotions.
In such circumstances, the digital landscape, with its inherent anonymity, presents a highly beneficial alternative. It can function as a safe haven for honest expression, a space where individuals can share their personal narratives without the constant specter of being overheard, judged, or even penalised. In effect, it fosters an environment for unguarded communication, where fear of social consequences can be minimised, leading to more authentic and heartfelt dialogues around mental health struggles. Additionally, this digital realm fosters a sense of community, promoting the creation of peer support networks, where individuals can find solace and understanding in others dealing with similar experiences (Nayak et al., 2022). Consequently, this digital landscape becomes a rich resource, providing invaluable insights into the raw, unfiltered experiences of individuals grappling with grief and loss.
Employing a machine learning technique like Natural Language Processing (NLP) provides a rich and nuanced lens through which personal experiences can be explored in depth. This technology, a prominent subfield of artificial intelligence, specialises in bridging the gap between human and machine communication, equipping computers with the ability to comprehend, interpret, and generate human language in a meaningful and insightful manner.
The following sections will outline different applications of NLP on a portion of a dataset collected by Low et al (2020), comprising of Reddit posts from the suicide_watch subreddit. From their dataset of posts from suicide_watch in January to April of 2020, we will pull the “post” variable column, with the full text shared by each user.
Below is a sample of the beginning of 10 rows of data from this dataset.
0 How do you guys feel less dead inside? I've go... 1 i want to get help but i don’t know how my par... 2 I can’t stop myself from loving this fictional... 3 There's no point in continuing I lost my job l... 4 My friends keep finding my reddit accounts. I ... 5 So tired. Throwaway account.\n\nI've been marr... 6 I think my mom might commit suicide. I’ve been... 7 what to do? Hi,I don't know if anyone will rea... 8 I really wasn’t supposed to wake up But I was ... 9 I think I'm going to kill myself My school car...
Drawing upon posts sourced from the suicide_selfhelp subreddit, this article first expands on the data pre-processing steps integral to NLP. Subsequently, the potential of NLP is explored through three distinct applications:
1.) Word Embeddings
2.) Semantic Patterns
3.) Sentiment Analysis
The discussion will then end with the critical takeaways and challenges encountered during this exercise, thereby providing an in-depth understanding of the process and its implications.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) preprocessing involves the modification of text before analysis. It identifies suitable units, such as words and phrases to use (i.e. tokenise), eliminates content that is irrelevant for certain tasks (e.g., non-alphabetic characters or stop words), and groups semantically related terms to reduce data sparsity and enhance predictive power. These steps can involve converting to lowercase, correcting misspellings, stemming, or lemmatisation. However, thorough pre-processing transformation can also strip away useful information or introduce errors into the analysis (for example, when stemming conflates semantically distinct words), and drastically influence subsequent results (Boyd, 2016; Hickman et al., 2022). This is because human speech isn’t always precise, and the linguistic structure often depends on complex factors, such as social context, regional dialect, and slang.
Therefore, to maintain the integrity of the thoughts expressed within the collected data, the following basic pre-processing steps were undertaken:
Lowercasing: All characters in the text are converted to lowercase. This step is carried out to ensure that the algorithm does not treat the same words in different cases as distinct.
Removal of Stopwords: Stopwords are common words in a language that do not carry much meaning and are often removed to focus on more important words. In this step, stopwords were removed from the text.
def remove_stopwords(df, column): stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english')) df[column] = df[column].apply(lambda x: ' '.join([word for word in word_tokenize(x) if word.casefold() not in stop_words])) return df
Tokenisation: The text is split into individual words or “tokens”. This step is crucial for preparing the text for many NLP tasks, including those that follow in this function.
In the field of NLP, word embeddings or vectorisation serve as a critical tool to decipher textual data. This technique maps words or phrases from the vocabulary onto vectors of real numbers, thereby providing a numerical representation of linguistic data.
Word embeddings are used in various applications such as predicting words, identifying word similarities, and interpreting semantics. The primary objective of this transformation is to translate linguistic information into a format that machine learning algorithms can interpret and utilise.
The process of word embeddings, was used to analyse or posts from the suicide_watch subreddit to look for semantic patterns and is reflected in the following Python code:
def word_embeddings(df, column): # Train Word2Vec model model = Word2Vec(df[column], min_count=10, vector_size=100)
# Save the trained model model.save("word2vec_model.bin") # Save the model to a file
# Function to get word vectors def get_word_vector(word): if word in model.wv: return model.wv[word] else: return None
return df, model # Return the DataFrame and the model
We engage the TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency) approach, coupled with Word2Vec, to establish the weight of words in the document:
def tfidf_weighted_word2vec(model, documents): # Fit TF-IDF model tfidf = TfidfVectorizer(analyzer=lambda x: x) # Already tokenised tfidf.fit(documents)
# Get feature names feature_names = tfidf.get_feature_names_out()
# Dictionary mapping words to their tfidf values tfidf_dict = dict(zip(feature_names, tfidf.idf_))
# Function to compute tfidf weighted word2vec for a document def compute_tfidf_word2vec(doc): vectors = [model.wv[word] * tfidf_dict.get(word, 0) for word in doc if word in model.wv] if vectors: return np.sum(vectors, axis=0) / np.sum(tfidf_dict.get(word, 0) for word in doc if word in model.wv) else: return np.zeros(model.vector_size)
return [compute_tfidf_word2vec(doc) for doc in documents]
With the results of our weighted TF-IDF, we can visualise the vectorised space and positioning of different words. To create a word embeddings graph, you can use the following code:
fig = go.Figure(data=go.Scattergl( x = embedded_points[:,0], y = embedded_points[:,1], mode='markers', text=selected_words, marker=dict( color=np.random.randn(500), colorscale='Viridis', line_width=1, sizemode='diameter' ), textposition="top center" ))
The resulting graph presents an interactive scatter plot utilising t-SNE dimensions 1 and 2. The technique of t-SNE, or t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbour Embedding, is commonly deployed for its proficiency in reducing high-dimensional data to a more comprehensible, lower-dimensional format, whilst preserving local structures and relationships between data points. In this instance, we have employed t-SNE to transpose word embeddings into a two-dimensional realm. The graph below is a static representation of an interactive chart from the Python Plotly library.
T-SNE visualisation of word embeddings for emotion words.
From our findings, we can observe that the bottom 5 words in the t-SNE space were situated towards the “lower” end:
(-5.683761, -7.624701) ‘everyone’
(-5.3596, -7.271157) ’trying’
(-5.289431, -7.201975) ’tried’
(-5.153904, -7.073457) ‘suicidal’
(-5.001178, -6.923719) ‘away’
These words may carry a negative connotation, representing emotions of despair, struggle, and isolation commonly associated with suicidal thoughts (Ghosh et al., 2021). They are frequently encountered in narratives expressing sentiments of being ‘away’ from ‘everyone’, having ‘tried’ various coping strategies but still feeling ‘suicidal’.
In contrast, the top 5 words in the t-SNE space were positioned towards the “upper” region:
(3.698818, 5.833888) ‘know’
(3.471625, 5.859314) ‘feel’
(3.413635, 5.101164) ‘even’
(3.275029, 5.687248) ‘like’
(3.237582, 5.581672) ‘life’
These words indicate introspective or comparative thoughts related to personal experiences (‘life’), emotions (‘feel’), and perception (‘like’). The word ‘even’ can fit into various contexts, perhaps signifying contrast or emphasis. ‘Know’ might imply a quest for comprehension or knowledge.
The t-SNE visualisation and the differentiation between the “top 5” and “bottom 5” words yield valuable insights about the data. While the specific coordinates themselves lack direct meaning, their relative positions offer significant observations.
One notable observation is the presence of word clustering in the t-SNE space. Words that are closer together in the visualisation tend to have similar embeddings or semantic relationships, indicating shared characteristics or contexts. This proximity suggests a close association in meaning within these clusters. It also helps us understand the relationships and associations between different words in the dataset. The distinction between the “top 5” and “bottom 5” words highlights the presence of distinct clusters or groups within the data, which arise from differences in semantic categories, sentiment, or other underlying patterns in the embeddings. This finding provides valuable insights into the thematic or conceptual organisation of the dataset. However, further analysis and consideration of the specific dataset and problem domain are necessary to accurately evaluate the significance or importance of these words.
Overall, utilising t-SNE visualisation can prove a potent tool in highlighting the semantic relationships amongst words in the narrative data. These clusters could mirror the themes and topics present in discussions around mental health. By ensuring our analysis of text data is as precise and insightful as possible, we enable a deeper understanding of the complex experiences of individuals coping with grief. Not only does this allow us to humanise our data, but it also equips us with the knowledge needed to develop more targeted, personalised, and effective support strategies for those grappling with loss.
Building upon the process of word embeddings, another method that can help deepen our understanding of mental health narratives involves the use of cluster analysis techniques to discern semantic patterns within the data.
The number of clusters used in this case was determined using a elbow plot method. With the code showing 10 as the best number of clusters. However, other methods such as DBSCAN or a silhouette score could have also been used.
sil = [] for k in range(2, 21): kmeans = KMeans(n_clusters = k).fit(vectors) labels = kmeans.labels_ sil.append(silhouette_score(vectors, labels, metric = 'euclidean'))
Utilising the K-means clustering algorithm, we grouped posts into distinct clusters based on content and sentiment similarities.
# Convert list of vectors to 2D array vectors = np.array(suicide_watch_posts['tfidf_word2vec'].tolist())
# Define KMeans kmeans = KMeans(n_clusters=10) # Set the number of clusters as 10 based on silhouette score and elbow plot
# Fit the model to your data kmeans.fit(vectors)
# Get cluster assignments for each post suicide_watch_posts['cluster'] = kmeans.labels_
Through the word vectorisation techniques Word2Vec, the textual data was transformed into numerical representations. This conversion made it possible to calculate Euclidean distances between the centroids of each cluster and the word vectors. The top 10 words closest to each cluster’s centroid were then extracted using these distances.
top_words = []
# Iterate over each cluster for i in range(kmeans.n_clusters): # Compute the euclidean distances from the centroid of the current cluster to all word vectors distances = euclidean_distances(kmeans.cluster_centers_[i].reshape(1, -1), word2vec_model.wv.vectors) # Get indices of top 10 closest words top_indices = np.argsort(distances)[0][:10] # Get words corresponding to the top indices top_words.append([word2vec_model.wv.index_to_key[i] for i in top_indices])
# Print the top words for each cluster for i, words in enumerate(top_words): print(f"Cluster {i}: {words}")
The resulting clusters provide critical insights into the recurring themes within the suicide_watch subreddit:
For each cluster, you can see the top words that tie each group of posts together point to a certain theme:
Cluster 0: Posts reflecting emotional highs and lows, often accompanied by strong or exaggerated feelings.
Cluster 1: Posts that indicate moments of celebration, progress, or memorable encounters, potentially suggesting movement towards healing or self-improvement.
Cluster 2: Posts that focus on personal resilience and determination, often showcasing conflicts and struggles yet holding on to belief and optimism.
Cluster 3: Posts that demonstrate frustration or irritation, perhaps with a touch of drama.
Cluster 4: Posts about expectation and obligation, likely in challenging situations.
Cluster 5: Posts that seem to portray a plea for understanding or emotional support, expressing desperation, seeking closure, and a willingness to open up and share personal challenges.
Cluster 6: Posts suggesting a journey towards positivity and happiness despite difficult circumstances.
Cluster 7: Posts expressing feelings of insecurity, need for reassurance and struggle for self-love
Cluster 8: Posts where individuals might be seeking advice, making recommendations, or expressing uncertainty
Cluster 9: Posts possibly related to facing fears, confronting difficult situations or deciding about important steps in life.
Through the identification of common clusters of words and phrases, it becomes feasible to detect recurring themes in individuals’ mental health experiences, offering a peek into the shared lived realities that often remain unvoiced in clinical settings.
Word Clouds
Other ways to visualise key words and sentiments within a dataset, can include the use of word clouds. This form of visualisation, highlights key words based on their usage across a dataset.
# Combine all the posts into one large string all_posts = ' '.join(suicide_watch_posts['post'])
# Generate word cloud wordcloud = WordCloud(width=800, height=400).generate(all_posts)# Display the word cloud plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5)) plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear') plt.axis('off') plt.show()
Word clouds are visual representations where words are displayed in different sizes and colours, with larger and bolder words indicating higher frequency or importance. By creating a word cloud, we can swiftly identify the most prominent and frequently occurring words in the dataset, giving a visual overview of the textual data.
Word Cloud for Suicide Watch Posts
By incorporating word clouds into the analysis, we can gain additional insights into the prevailing sentiments and key words, complementing the information obtained from other analysis techniques such as sentiment scores or clusters. This comprehensive view helps in understanding the overall sentiment landscape and identifying significant keywords that can shape interventions and support strategies in mental health contexts.
The insights garnered from semantic analysis can complement and enrich traditional clinical data in multiple ways. In clinical practice, information is typically acquired through structured assessments, diagnostic tests, and observations from medical professionals, which can miss the nuanced complexities of a person’s mental health experience. For instance, clinical scales might categorise a person’s depressive symptoms within a certain severity range, but they don’t expose how that person perceives their experiences, the coping mechanisms they employ, or the emotional highs and lows they face in their daily lives.
When used in tandem with clinical data, semantic analysis can help inform more personalised care plans by capturing individual variations within common themes, thus promoting a more tailored and patient-centred approach to mental health care. For instance, if a cluster analysis unveils a high prevalence of words associated with loneliness and isolation, this could suggest the need for interventions aimed at bolstering social connections. Conversely, if another cluster denotes feelings of hope and resilience, it could provide valuable insights for developing strength-based therapeutic approaches.
In future research, both the posts and comments could be analysed using social network analysis to reveal the connections and interactions between individuals within and across clusters, offering insights into how social support networks and online communities influence mental health narratives and overall well-being. By incorporating these additional dimensions, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities within mental health experiences expressed through anonymous social media posts.
Sentiment analysis is a powerful technique in natural language processing (NLP) that aims to determine the sentiment or emotional tone expressed in a piece of text. By analysing the sentiment, we can gain insights into the attitudes, opinions, and emotions conveyed by individuals.
To perform sentiment analysis, we can utilise the VADER (Valence Aware Dictionary and sEntiment Reasoner) sentiment analysis tool, which is a lexicon and rule-based approach specifically designed for social media text. The VADER tool provides a sentiment score for each text based on the presence of positive, negative, and neutral words, as well as intensifiers and negations. The compound score, which ranges from -1 (most extreme negative) to +1 (most extreme positive), is used as an overall sentiment measure.
The following Python code demonstrates the process of sentiment analysis using VADER:
nltk.download('vader_lexicon')
def get_sentiment(df, column): sia = SentimentIntensityAnalyzer()
# Function to get sentiment score def get_score(text): sentiment = sia.polarity_scores(text) return sentiment['compound'] # returns the compound score which is the overall sentiment
# Apply to column df['sentiment'] = df[column].progress_apply(get_score)
return df
By performing sentiment analysis on text data, we can gain valuable insights into the emotional tone and attitudes expressed by individuals. The sentiment scores, ranked from -1 to +1, can be used for various purposes. However, for further classification, a further scale to group the posts into very negative, negative, neutral, positive, and very positive classes was applied.
The sentiment analysis of the Suicide Watch posts revealed a substantial right skew towards negative posts, indicating a predominantly negative sentiment across the subreddit. This observation is a poignant reflection of the emotional state of the community and underscores the urgent need for mental health resources and support in such spaces.
Interestingly, although we looked for the top 10 words across each class, there were only 14 shared top words across all 5 catergories.
For example, words like ‘die’ and ‘years’ were most common in ‘very negative’ posts, implying a sense of despair and long-term struggle among users. Conversely, ‘love’ appeared most frequently in ‘very positive’ posts, signifying a beacon of hope and positive emotions even in this setting. The word ‘nothing’ was most common in neutral posts, possibly indicating feelings of emptiness or indifference.
These analyses include identifying positive or negative sentiment trends, detecting sentiment shifts over time, or analysing the sentiment of specific topics or groups. Although this analysis only explored the top 10 words across each sentiment category, a more comprehensive sentiment analysis would necessitate further examination and iteration. This would provide a more in-depth understanding of the underlying sentiments and emotional complexity within these posts, aiding in our continuous improvement of sentiment analysis strategies.
In an extended study, we would apply a variety of advanced text analysis techniques. We would use Latent Dirichlet Allocation for topic modelling, aiming to identify the specific themes present within each sentiment category. This approach provides a more granular understanding of the content under discussion. Furthermore, we would undertake contextual analysis, extending beyond isolated word analysis to consider the surrounding context, employing techniques like named entity recognition and part-of-speech tagging. Our methodology would also incorporate emotion analysis to identify more subtle emotions such as joy, anger, or sadness, going beyond the traditional sentiment categories of positive, negative, and neutral. Lastly, time series analysis would enable us to track sentiment over time, identifying trends or shifts that might correlate with real-world events. This approach would add a dynamic layer to our understanding of the sentiment within the subreddit.
Whilst we cannot directly correlate Reddit posts to individual patients due to ethical considerations and data privacy, this type of sentiment analysis could still inform clinical research in valuable ways. By detecting trends and shifts in the sentiment and emotional tone of posts within mental health forums like Suicide Watch, clinicians and researchers could glean insights into the prevailing emotional states, attitudes, and concerns within such communities. This could subsequently guide the development of strategies and interventions that more precisely address the needs expressed in these online spaces, thus indirectly benefiting patients who might express similar sentiments in clinical settings.
Whilst the use of the digital space and Natural Language Processing (NLP) for mental health research brings undeniable potential, it also raises a set of challenges that must be navigated with care. These challenges primarily encompass the enabling of harmful behaviour and misinformation, privacy and anonymity concerns, and potential misinterpretation of sentiments and emotions.
Enabling Harmful Behaviours and Misinformation: The digital space can sometimes allow for harmful behaviours, such as cyberbullying, and the spreading of misinformation about mental health issues. Yet, it’s important to remember that these are societal challenges that extend beyond the realm of mental health research. Properly conducted research can help counter misinformation by providing accurate, evidence-based information. Moreover, the presence of moderation strategies in online communities can also play a significant role in mitigating harmful behaviour.
Privacy and Anonymity Concerns: While the digital realm provides a sense of anonymity, there are risks of privacy breaches, with sensitive personal information potentially being exposed or misused. However, researchers have developed solutions like data de-identification to mitigate this risk. Stripping out usernames and other personally identifiable information can ensure the privacy of individuals while maintaining the integrity of the data.
Potential Misinterpretation of Sentiments and Emotions: Text-based communication, though rich in data, may lack some nuances of human communication. The subtleties of tone, facial expressions, and body language that provide critical context and emotional cues can be lost. However, with the continuous advancements in NLP, the potential for misinterpretation can be mitigated. Modern NLP techniques are becoming increasingly proficient at understanding context, sentiment, and even sarcasm, further improving the accuracy of insights derived from text data.
AI Bias and Fairness: Another challenge is the potential for bias in AI algorithms, which can lead to unfair outcomes if not carefully managed. By ensuring the diversity of training data and actively seeking to mitigate bias, we can make strides toward fairness in AI-driven mental health research.
The above concerns, though considerable, are not insurmountable. It is arguable that the immense benefits offered by these methods outweigh the drawbacks.
Richness of Data: Text-based communication, even with its potential shortcomings, is an incredibly rich source of data. It often captures complex emotions, thoughts, and experiences that individuals might find challenging to express orally.
Anonymity and Privacy: The anonymity provided by the digital realm often allows people to express themselves more honestly, which could lead to more authentic data than could be collected through traditional methods.
Advancements in NLP: NLP technology is rapidly advancing, enhancing our capacity to understand and interpret human language in ways we couldn’t before.
Reach and Accessibility: The digital space also affords researchers a much broader and more diverse reach than traditional research methods, enhancing the inclusivity of mental health research.
Data-driven Personalisation: As NLP continues to develop, the level of understanding and context it can provide will also increase. This means that the data derived from these technologies could be used to tailor mental health treatments and interventions to individuals, leading to more effective and personalised care.
Potential for Early Detection and Intervention: Another significant advantage of leveraging NLP in mental health research within the digital space is the potential for early detection and intervention. Utilising the massive amount of data available online, researchers can identify patterns and markers of mental health conditions, potentially even before individuals recognise these themselves. This could enable early interventions, which can significantly improve prognoses for many mental health issues.
To conclude, the exploration of personal experiences in mental health research requires a delicate balance between the objectivity of data analysis and the subjective human narratives that underlie the data.
Analysis revealed a significant right skew in the sentiment of posts within the Suicide Watch subreddit, underscoring a predominant atmosphere of negativity. A handful of common words emerged across all sentiment categories, shedding light on the recurring themes within the discourse of this community. This intricate interplay between grief and mental health, where personal narratives intertwine with quantitative insights, demonstrates the rich potential of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in extracting valuable insights from extensive datasets.
Innovative machine learning techniques, such as NLP, offer novel ways to inform interventions and support strategies. Within the digital realm, which affords both accessibility and anonymity, individuals find a secure environment to openly share their experiences, fostering genuine dialogues and nurturing supportive communities.
Looking ahead, there are numerous avenues to expand this research. Other NLP tools and techniques, such as more nuanced emotion analysis or context-aware language models, could offer deeper or different insights. Comparative analysis with other mental health-related online communities could broaden our understanding of online mental health discourse. Similarly, longitudinal studies could track how sentiments and topics evolve over time, potentially shedding light on the impact of real-world events or changes in the wider mental health landscape.
While challenges surrounding data accessibility and ethical considerations persist, the potential to amplify the voices and experiences of those navigating grief through NLP and digital platforms is significant. Engaging in discussions that encompass the interplay of data analysis, ethics, and empathy is crucial for propelling mental health research forward and ensuring the human stories behind the data receive the attention they deserve
References:
Chapman, W. W., Nadkarni, P. M., Hirschman, L., D’Avolio, L. W., Savova, G. K., Uzuner, Ö., & South, B. R. (2011). Overcoming barriers to NLP for clinical text: the role of shared tasks and the need for additional creative solutions. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 18(5).
Ghosh, S., Ekbal, A., & Bhattacharyya, P. (2022). A multitask framework to detect depression, sentiment and multi-label emotion from suicide notes. Cognitive Computation, 1–20.
Jones, N., Teague, G. B., Wolf, J., & Rosen, C. (2020). Organizational climate and support among peer specialists working in peer-run, hybrid and conventional mental health settings. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Health, 47(1).
Low, D. M., Rumker, L., Torous, J., Cecchi, G., Ghosh, S. S., & Talkar, T. (2020). Natural Language Processing Reveals Vulnerable Mental Health Support Groups and Heightened Health Anxiety on Reddit During COVID-19: Observational Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(10).
Nayak, S., Mahapatra, D., Chatterjee, R., Parida, S., & Dash, S. R. (2022). A Machine Learning Approach to Analyze Mental Health from Reddit Posts. In Biologically Inspired Techniques in Many Criteria Decision Making: Proceedings of BITMDM 2021. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Ive, J., Viani, N., Kam, J., Yin, L., Verma, S., Puntis, S., … & Velupillai, S. (2020). Generation and evaluation of artificial mental health records for natural language processing. NPJ Digital Medicine, 3(1), 69.
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